Turn-of-the-Century Farm Schools Educated Orphan, Homeless Boys

While conducting research for my book Chalkboard Champions, I learned a great deal about various types of schools that I had never heard about in my thirty-odd years as a teacher. Industrial schools, emancipation schools, farm schools, normal schools, specialist schools. Where were all these terms when I went through student teaching? One type of school I learned about that I found particularly intriguing is the farm school.

 

A farm school was a boarding school which primarily served young boys. Typically these schools were established by missions or charitable organizations during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The farm school provided housing, food, and medical care, usually to orphans or homeless boys who were over fourteen years of age. In addition, the school offered training in agricultural skills and fundamental lieracy skills in such subjects as reading, writing, and mathematics. The purpose of the farm school was to care for orphans and homeless youth, while simultaneously giving these youngsters the opportunity to learn a marketable skill which would enable them to find employment on farms in the Midwest or the South.

Chalkboard Champions Added to Nine More Public Libraries

I'm pretty excited to announce that my book, Chalkboard Champions: Twelve Remarkable Teachers Who Educated America's Disenfranchised Students, has been added to the catalogues of nine more public libraries in the Southern California area. These libraries are located in Cathedral City, Eastvale, Idyllwild, Palm Desert, Perris, San Jacinto, Temecula, Valle Vista, and Woodcrest.

 

How wonderful is it to know that the general public is interested in reading stories about remarkable teachers! I love to tell stories about extraordinary teachers, and in today's world where so much negativity hits the news, this knowledge should give all of us who are professional educators a lift!

Princess Pauahi's Kamehameha Schools Preserve Native Hawaiian Culture and History

While conducting research for my book Chalkboard Champions, I learned a great deal about numerous types of schools that I had never heard about in my thirty-odd years as an educator. Industrial schools, emancipation schools, farm schools, normal schools, specialist schools. Where were all these terms when I went through student teaching? One type of school I learned about that I found particularly intriguing is the Kamehameha School located in the beautiful state of Hawaii.

Kamehameha Schools were first established in 1887 at the bequest of Bernice Bishop, also known as Princess Pauahi, a member of the Hawaiian royal family when the state was still a territory. Princess Pauahi and her beloved husband, an American named Charles Reed Bishop, had no children of their own, and so when she passed away in 1882 at the age of 52, she directed that her vast estate should be used to benefit and educate underprivileged Native Hawaiian children. Two schools were built: one for boys and one for girls. Eventually the two schools were merged to form a coed school, now located on a six-hundred-acre campus on the main island of Oahu overlooking Honolulu Harbor. 

 

Kamehameha Schools serve the important function of preserving Native Hawaiian culture, history, and language. One of the ways this is done is through the annual choral competition known as the Kamehameha Song Contest, where traditional Hawaiian songs and dances as well as new compositions in the genre are performed by the students. This is a wonderful tradition that goes back 45 years.

 

When I think of Chalkboard Champions, my first thought is of teachers, of course, but individuals such as Princess Pauahi who support schools financially and with their volunteer hours are also heroes to our students!

Read more about Kamehameha Schools in my book Chalkboard Champions, available on amazon.

The "Soup School": Food for Thought

While in the process of conducting research for my book Chalkboard Champions, I learned about many types of schools that I had never heard about in the thirty-odd years I have been a professional educator. Industrial schools, emancipation schools, freedom schools, farm schools, normal schools. Where were all these terms when I went through student teaching? I was particularly intrigued by the concept of the "soup school." What was that all about, I wondered?

 

I learned that a "soup school" was an institution established during periods of pronounced immigration to our country. Their purpose was to provide assistance to immigrant children as they struggled to assimilate within a new, dominant culture. Often times these schools were founded by charitable organizations or missionary societies. It makes sense that these schools were located primarily near areas of immigrant entry, New York City, for example. The main curriculum in these facilities was instruction in the English language, basic literacy skills, and American culture. Apparently, the school got its name from the fact that at noontime a bowl of soup was served to the students, a free meal which would have been most welcome to the poorest of immigrants. In contemplating this practice, I'm wondering if our nation's free lunch program would be considered a modern version of the "soup school"?

 

You can read more about soup schools in Chalkboard Champions, available on amazon.

Indian Boarding Schools: A Cultural Disaster

While I was conducting research for my book Chalkboard Champions, I was surprised to learn a great deal about numerous types of schools, more than I ever learned in the thirty-odd years I had been teaching. Industrial schools, soup schools, farm schools, normal schools, specialist schools. Where were all these terms when I went through student teaching? I was particularly interested in reading about Indian boarding schools, and the controversies these generated.

Indian boarding schools were created specifically for the purpose of educating Native Americans. Indian children were sent to these schools, sometimes involuntarily, because it was believed the only way Native Americans could ever succeed in a predominantly white society would be if they abandoned their tribal ways and adopted the lifestyle practiced by the dominant culture, and that this assimilation could best be accomplished when the Indians were very young. Most Indian boarding schools were first founded by church missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Later, some were established and run by the U.S. government. The intentions were pure, but in retrospect the results were disastrous. Some historians go so far as to assert these schools were institutions of cultural genocide.

The children, some as young as four years old, were taken away from their families, sent many miles away from home, and forced to give up their languages, customs and religious beliefs, art and music, native clothing, and even their names. These youngsters often found it traumatic when they were forced to cut their long hair, a symbolic act of shame and sorrow to Native Americans. The highly regimented routine and military atmosphere were harsh on the youngest ones. Exposure to diseases to which they had no natural immunities, coupled with homesickness and, in some locations, unsanitary conditions, led to a disturbingly high death rate. In despair, some of the youngsters ran away from their schools, freezing or starving to death trying to make their way back to their home reservations. Such a terribly sad thought for educators who care so much about kids and really believe in the liberating power of schools.

 

You can read a quick overview of these schools in the book Indian Boarding School: Teaching the White Man's Way, available on amazon.com. You can also read about them in Chalkboard Champions.

Pat Nixon: The Pretty Teacher of Whittier High School

I was really surprised to learn that former First Lady Pat Ryan Nixon had been employed for several years in the 1930's as a business teacher at Whittier Union High School in Whittier, California. In fact, she was working as a teacher when she met her future husband, a young and ambitious city attorney named Richard Nixon. Pretty and popular, the former Miss Ryan instructed courses in typing, bookkeeping, business principles, and stenography. Her students remembered her fondly, writes Julie Nixon Eisenhower in a very detailed and very personal biography about her mother published in 1986. You can read all about Pat Nixon's teaching career in the book Pat Nixon: the Untold Story, available on amazon.com.

LBJ, the Schoolteacher

I was very surprised to learn that President Lyndon Johnson had once been a schoolteacher in Cotulla, Texas, where he taught a class junior high school class comprised primarily of Mexican American students, and then as a high school speech and debate teacher in Houston. By all accounts he was an excellent teacher, and, had he stayed in the profession, probably would have enjoyed a very successful career there. I enjoyed learning all about his challenges and successes as an educator. When I read this book, I learned a lot of scandalous things about this president, too. Stuff that would be juicy enough for any daytime drama or prime-time reality show. You can read the detail about LBJ's career as a teacher---and the scuttlebutt, if you're interested---in The Path to Power, Book One of Robert A. Caro's trilogy about this intriguing historical figure.